Bridge: Basis-Driven Causal Inference Marries VFMs for Domain Generalization

Detectors often suffer from degraded performance, primarily due to the distributional gap between the source and target domains. This issue is especially evident in single-source domains with limited data, as models tend to rely on confounders (e.g., illumination, co-occurrence, and style) from the source domain, leading to spurious correlations that hinder generalization. To this end, this paper proposes a novel Basis-driven framework for domain generalization, namely Bridge, that incorporates causal inference into object detection. By learning the low-rank bases for front-door adjustment, Bridge blocks confounders' effects to mitigate spurious correlations, while simultaneously refining representations by filtering redundant and task-irrelevant components.Bridge can be seamlessly integrated with both discriminative (e.g., DINOv2/3, SAM) and generative (e.g., Stable Diffusion) Vision Foundation Models (VFMs).Extensive experiments across multiple domain generalization object detection datasets, i.e., Cross-Camera, Adverse Weather, Real-to-Artistic, Diverse Weather Datasets, and Diverse Weather DroneVehicle (our newly augmented real-world UAV-based benchmark), underscore the superiority of our proposed method over previous state-of-the-art approaches.Code, models, and data will be publicly released.