Mark4D: Temporally-Consistent Watermarking for 4D Gaussian Splatting

Embedding invisible and temporally consistent watermarks into dynamic 4D Gaussian Splatting (4DGS) models poses unique challenges due to continuous spatio-temporal deformation of Gaussians and diverse motion dynamics.Existing 3DGS watermarking methods, which directly fine-tune parameters within Gaussian splats, fail to preserve geometric fidelity and temporal coherence when extended to dynamic 4D settings. In this regime, we propose Mark4D, a temporally consistent watermarking technique that achieves robust, imperceptible, and motion-aware watermark embedding for 4DGS. Mark4D comprises 1) a decoder for watermark recovery in the latent video–text space for robustness against pixel-level distortions, 2) trajectory-aligned offsets that embed watermark signals along Gaussian motion paths to preserve geometry, and 3) a motion-adaptive loss weighting strategy that balances supervision across frames with varying motion intensities. Extensive experiments on synthetic and real-world dynamic scene datasets demonstrate that Mark4D achieves superior bit accuracy, visual fidelity, and robustness under diverse distortions, establishing a foundation for secure and reliable protection of dynamic 4D scene assets. The implementation of Mark4D will be released upon publication.