Redmond, Washington, United States

Overview We are seeking a highly skilled and passionate Research Scientist to join our Responsible & OpenAI Research (ROAR) team in Azure Cognitive Services.

As a Research Scientist, you will play a key role in advancing the field of Responsible Artificial Intelligence (AI) to ensure safe releases of the rapidly advancing AI technologies, such as GPT-4, GPT-4V, DALL-E 3 and beyond, as well as to expand and enhance our standalone Azure AI Content Safety Service.

Microsoft’s mission is to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more. As employees we come together with a growth mindset, innovate to empower others, and collaborate to realize our shared goals. Each day we build on our values of respect, integrity, and accountability to create a culture of inclusion where everyone can thrive at work and beyond.

In alignment with our Microsoft values, we are committed to cultivating an inclusive work environment for all employees to positively impact our culture every day.

Responsibilities Conduct cutting-edge research to develop Responsible AI definitions, methodologies, algorithms, and models for both measurement and mitigation of AI risks. Stay abreast of the latest advancements in the field and contribute to the scientific community through publications at top venues. Contribute to the development of Responsible AI policies, guidelines, and best practices and ensure the practical implementation of these guidelines within various AI technology stacks across Microsoft, promoting a consistent approach to Responsible AI. Enable the safe release of new Azure OpenAI Service features, expand and enhance the Azure AI Content Safety Service with new detection technologies. Develop innovative approaches to address AI safety challenges for diverse customer scenarios. Other: Embody our Culture and Values

Seattle, WA; Costa Mesa, CA; Boston, MA

Anduril Industries is a defense technology company with a mission to transform U.S. and allied military capabilities with advanced technology. By bringing the expertise, technology, and business model of the 21st century’s most innovative companies to the defense industry, Anduril is changing how military systems are designed, built and sold. Anduril’s family of systems is powered by Lattice OS, an AI-powered operating system that turns thousands of data streams into a realtime, 3D command and control center. As the world enters an era of strategic competition, Anduril is committed to bringing cutting-edge autonomy, AI, computer vision, sensor fusion, and networking technology to the military in months, not years.

THE ROLE We build Lattice, the foundation for everything we do as a defense technology company. Our engineers are talented and hard-working, motivated to see their work rapidly deployed on the front lines. Our team is not just building an experiment in waiting, we deploy what we build on the Southern border, Iraq, Ukraine and more.

We have open roles across Platform Engineering, ranging from core infrastructure to distributed systems, web development, networking and more. We hire self-motivated people, those who hold a higher bar for themselves than anyone else could hold for them. If you love building infrastructure, platform services, or just working in high performing engineering cultures we invite you to apply!

YOU SHOULD APPLY IF YOU: -At least 3+ years working with a variety of programming languages such as Rust, Go, C++, Java, Python, JavaScript/TypeScript, etc. -Have experience working with customers to deliver novel software capabilities -Want to work on building and integrating model/software/hardware-in-the-loop components by leveraging first and third party technologies (related to simulation, data management, compute infrastructure, networking, and more). -Love building platform and infrastructure tooling that enables other software engineers to scale their output -Enjoy collaborating with team members and partners in the autonomy domain, and building technologies and processes which enable users to safely and rapidly develop and deploy autonomous systems at scale. -Are a U.S. Person because of required access to U.S. export controlled information

Note: The above bullet points describe the ideal candidate. None of us matched all of these at once when we first joined Anduril. We encourage you to apply even if you believe you meet only part of our wish list.

NICE TO HAVE -You've built or invented something: an app, a website, game, startup -Previous experience working in an engineering setting: a startup (or startup-like environment), engineering school, etc. If you've succeeded in a low structure, high autonomy environment you'll succeed here! -Professional software development lifecycle experience using tools such as version control, CICD systems, etc. -A deep, demonstrated understanding of how computers and networks work, from a single desktop to a multi-cluster cloud node -Experience building scalable backend software systems with various data storage and processing requirements -Experience with industry standard cloud platforms (AWS, Azure), CI/CD tools, and software infrastructure fundamentals (networking, security, distributed systems) -Ability to quickly understand and navigate complex systems and established code bases -Experience implementing robot or autonomous vehicle testing frameworks in a software-in-the-loop or hardware-in-the-loop (HITL) environment -Experience with modern build and deployment tooling (e.g. NixOS, Terraform) -Experience designing complex software systems, and iterating upon designs via a technical design review process -Familiarity with industry standard monitoring, logging, and data management tools and best practices -A bias towards rapid delivery and iteration

Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Overview Microsoft Research (MSR), a leading industrial research laboratory, comprises over 1,000 computer scientists working across the United States, United Kingdom, China, India, Canada, and the Netherlands.

We are currently seeking Principal Researcher in the area of Artificial Specialized Intelligence and artificial general intelligence located in Vancouver, British Columbia.

This is an opportunity to drive an ambitious research agenda while collaborating with diverse teams to push for novel applications of those areas.

Over the past 30 years, our scientists have not only conducted world-class computer science research but also integrated advanced technologies into our products and services, positively impacting millions of lives and propelling Microsoft to the forefront of digital transformation.

Microsoft’s mission is to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more. As employees we come together with a growth mindset, innovate to empower others, and collaborate to realize our shared goals. Each day we build on our values of respect, integrity, and accountability to create a culture of inclusion where everyone can thrive at work and beyond.

Responsibilities Identifying and driving new research directions, creating new technologies and collaborating with Microsoft product groups and external partners to deploy them in real-world settings. Stay current with the latest trends, research, and developments in AI, machine learning, and system architecture to ensure our systems remain at the forefront of innovation. Evaluate the performance of AI-centric systems and provide recommendations for improvement and optimization. Publish research findings in peer-reviewed journals, conferences, and other relevant venues, and present research results to internal and external stakeholders. Mentor and guide researchers and engineers in their research and development efforts. Collaborate with industry partners and academic institutions to drive joint research projects and initiatives.

Redmond, Washington, United States

Overview Do you want to shape the future of Artificial Intelligence (AI)? Do you have a passion for solving real-world problems with cutting-edge technologies?

The Human-AI eXperiences (HAX) team at Microsoft Research AI Frontiers is looking for exceptional candidates to advance the state-of-the-art in human-AI collaboration with a focus on leveraging the capabilities of people and foundation model-based agents and systems to solve real problems.

As a Principal Researcher on our team, you will:

Work on challenging and impactful projects in areas such as human-AI collaboration and teaming, foundation model-based systems, multi-agent systems, next generation AI experiences and responsible AI. Apply your skills and knowledge to build practical solutions to solve real problems and impact the world. Collaborate with other researchers and engineers across the company to amplify your impact and grow your career in a supportive and stimulating environment. We are looking for candidates who have:

A drive for real world impact, demonstrated by a passion to build and release prototypes or OSS frameworks.
Demonstrated track record of influential projects and publications in relevant fields and top-tier conferences and journals (such as NeurIPS, ICML, AAAI, CHI, UIST). Demonstrated interdisciplinary experience in applied machine learning, natural language processing, and human computer interaction including experience doing offline and online evaluations, and conducting user studies and user-centered research. Exceptional coding experience and hands-on experience working with large foundation models and related frameworks and toolkits. Familiarity with LLMs such as the OpenAI Generative Pre-Trained Transformers (GPT) models, LLAMA etc., model finetuning techniques (LORA, QLORA), prompting techniques (Chain of Thought, ReACT etc.) and model evaluation is beneficial.
A passion for innovation and creativity, evidenced by the ability to generate novel ideas, approaches, and solutions. A team player mindset, characterized by effective communication, collaboration, and feedback skills.

Microsoft’s mission is to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more. As employees we come together with a growth mindset, innovate to empower others, and collaborate to realize our shared goals. Each day we build on our values of respect, integrity, and accountability to create a culture of inclusion where everyone can thrive at work and beyond.

In alignment with our Microsoft values, we are committed to cultivating an inclusive work environment for all employees to positively impact our culture every day.

Responsibilities Perform cutting-edge research to solve real-world problems. Collaborate closely with other researchers, engineers, and product group partners on high-impact projects that deliver real-world impact to people and society. Embody our culture and values.

Location San Diego

Description

Qualcomm AI Research is looking for world-class algorithm engineers in general domain machine learning, especially deep learning, generative AI, LLM, LVM. Come join a high-caliber team of engineers building advanced machine learning technology, best-in-class solutions, and user friendly model optimization tools such as Qualcomm Innovation Center’s AI Model Efficiency Toolkit (https://github.com/quic/aimet) to enable state-of-the-art networks to run on devices with limited power, memory, and computation.

Members of our team enjoy the opportunity to participate in cutting edge research while simultaneously contributing technology that will be deployed worldwide in our industry-leading devices. You will be part of a multi-disciplinary talented team working on on-device generative AI optimization. Collaborate in a cross-functional environment spanning hardware, software and systems. See your design in action on industry-leading chips embedded in the next generation of smartphones, autonomous vehicles, robotics, and IOT devices.

Minimum Qualifications: • Bachelor's degree in Computer Science, Engineering, Information Systems, or related field and 4+ years of Hardware Engineering, Software Engineering, Systems Engineering, or related work experience. OR Master's degree in Computer Science, Engineering, Information Systems, or related field and 3+ years of Hardware Engineering, Software Engineering, Systems Engineering, or related work experience. OR PhD in Computer Science, Engineering, Information Systems, or related field and 2+ years of Hardware Engineering, Software Engineering, Systems Engineering, or related work experience.The R&D work responsibility for this position focuses on the following: Algorithms research and development in the area of Generative AI, LVM, LLM, Multi-modality Efficient inference algorithms research and development, e.g. batching, KV caching, efficient attentions, long context, speculative decoding Advanced quantization algorithms research and development for complex generative models, e.g., gradient/non-gradient based optimization, equivalent/non-equivalent transformation, automatic mixed precision, hardware in loop Model compression, lossy or lossless, structural and neural search Optimization based learning and learning based optimization Generative AI system prototyping Apply solutions toward system innovations for model efficiency advancement on device as well as in the cloud Python, Pytorch programmer Preferred Qualifications: Master's degree in Computer Science, Engineering, Information Systems, or related field. PHD's degree is preferred. 2+ years of experience with Machine Learning algorithms or systems engineering or related work experience

A postdoctoral position is available in Harvard Ophthalmology Artificial Intelligence (AI) Lab (https://ophai.hms.harvard.edu) under the supervision of Dr. Mengyu Wang (https://ophai.hms.harvard.edu/team/dr-wang/) at Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School. The start date is flexible, with a preference for candidates capable of starting in August or September 2024. The initial appointment will be for one year with the possibility of extension. Review of applications will begin immediately and will continue until the position is filled. Salary for the postdoctoral fellow will follow the NIH guideline commensurate with years of postdoctoral research experience.

In the course of this interdisciplinary project, the postdoc will collaborate with a team of world-class scientists and clinicians with backgrounds in visual psychophysics, engineering, biostatistics, computer science, and ophthalmology. The postdoc will work on developing statistical and machine learning models to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of common eye diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The postdoc will have access to abundant resources for education, career development and research both from the Harvard hospital campus and Harvard University campus. More than half of our postdocs secured a faculty position after their time in our lab.

For our data resources, we have about 3 million 2D fundus photos and more than 1 million 3D optical coherence tomography scans. Please check http://ophai.hms.harvard.edu/data for more details. For our GPU resources, we have 22 in-house GPUs in total including 8 80-GB Nvidia H100 GPUs, 10 48-GB Nvidia RTX A6000 GPUs, and 4 Nvidia RTX 6000 GPUs. Please check http://ophai.hms.harvard.edu/computing for more details. Our recent research has been published in ICCV 2023, ICLR 2024, CVPR 2024, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, and Medical Image Analysis. Please check https://github.com/Harvard-Ophthalmology-AI-Lab for more details.

The successful applicant will:

1. possess or be on track to complete a PhD or MD with background in computer science, mathematics, computational science, statistics, machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, image processing, biomedical engineering, bioinformatics, visual science and ophthalmology or a related field. Fluency in written and spoken English is essential.

2. have strong programming skills (Python, R, MATLAB, C++, etc.) and in-depth understanding of statistics and machine learning. Experience with Linux clusters is a plus.

3. have a strong and productive publication record.

4. have a strong work ethic and time management skills along with the ability to work independently and within a multidisciplinary team as required.

Your application should include:

1. curriculum vitae

2. statement of past research accomplishments, career goal and how this position will help you achieve your goals

3. Two representative publications

4. contact information for three references

The application should be sent to Mengyu Wang via email (mengyu_wang at meei.harvard.edu) with subject “Postdoctoral Application in Harvard Ophthalmology AI Lab".

London

Who we are Established in 2017, Wayve is a leader in autonomous vehicle technology, driven by breakthroughs in Embodied AI. Our intelligent, mapless, and hardware-agnostic technologies empower vehicles to navigate complex environments effortlessly.

Supported by prominent investors, Wayve is advancing the transition from assisted to fully automated driving, making transportation safer, more efficient, and universally accessible. Join our world-class, multinational team of engineers and researchers as we push the boundaries of frontier AI and autonomous driving, creating impactful technologies and products on a global scale

Where you will have an impact We're looking for an experienced Applied Scientist with expertise in Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) and Gaussian Splatting to join our Vision & Graphics team and advance our innovative neural simulator, Ghost Gym. This role is central to improving Ghost Gym's capabilities, utilizing state-of-the-art neural rendering techniques to craft photorealistic 4D worlds. You'll be at the forefront of developing and applying groundbreaking research to generate thousands of simulated scenarios. These scenarios are critical for training, testing, and debugging our end-to-end AI driving models, contributing significantly to the creation of safe and reliable AI driving technology. Your work will focus on improving the efficiency, realism, and dynamism of our simulations, especially for dynamic and outdoor environments, pushing the limits of current photorealistic visualization technologies.

Challenges you will own Conducting cutting-edge research in NeRFs, Gaussian splatting, and related technologies, with a focus on solving real-world challenges in 3D rendering Developing and implementing algorithms for efficient, high-quality 3D scene reconstruction and rendering, particularly for dynamic and outdoor environments Collaborating with cross-functional teams to integrate research findings into scalable, production-level solutions Staying abreast of the latest developments in the field, evaluating and incorporating state-of-the-art techniques into our workflows Potentially finding opportunities to publish research findings in top-tier journals and conferences, contributing to the scientific community and establishing Wayve as a leader in the field What you will bring to Wayve Essential Proven track record of research in NeRFs, Gaussian splatting, or closely related areas, demonstrated through publications or deployed applications Strong programming skills in Python with experience in deep learning frameworks such as PyTorch Solid foundation in mathematics and physics underlying 3D graphics and rendering techniques Excellent problem-solving skills and the ability to work independently as well as in a team environment Demonstrated ability to work collaboratively in a fast-paced, innovative, interdisciplinary team environment

Desirable Experience with dynamic scene reconstruction and rendering, particularly in outdoor environments Familiarity with parallel computing, GPU programming, and optimization techniques PhD or MSc in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, or a related field, with a focus on computer graphics, computer vision, or machine learning What we offer you The chance to be part of a truly mission driven organisation and an opportunity to shape the future of autonomous driving. Unlike our competitors, Wayve is still relatively small and nimble, giving you the chance to make a huge impact Competitive compensation and benefits A dynamic and fast-paced work environment in which you will grow every day - learning on the job, from the brightest minds in our space, and with support for more formal learning opportunities too A culture that is ego-free, respectful and welcoming (of you and your dog) - we even eat lunch together every day

Inria (Grenoble), France

human-robot interaction, machine learning, computer vision, representation learning

We are looking for highly motivated students joining our team at INRIA. This project will take place in close collaboration between Inria team THOTH and the multidisciplinary institute in artificial intelligence (MIAI) in Grenoble

Topic: Human-robot systems are challenging because the actions of one agent can significantly influence the actions of others. Therefore, anticipating the partner's actions is crucial. By inferring beliefs, intentions, and desires, we can develop cooperative robots that learn to assist humans or other robots effectively. In this project we are in particular interested in estimating human intentions to enable collaborative tasks between humans and robots such as human-to-robot and robot-to-human handovers.

Contact pia.bideau@inria.fr The thesis will be jointly supervised by Pia Bideau (THOTH), Karteek Alahari (THOTH) and Xavier Alameda Pineda (RobotLearn).

About the role You will join a team of 40+ Researchers and Engineers within the R&D Department working on cutting edge challenges in the Generative AI space, with a focus on creating highly realistic, emotional and life-like Synthetic humans through text-to-video. Within the team you’ll have the opportunity to work with different research teams and squads across multiple areas led by our Director of Science, Prof. Vittorio Ferrari, and directly impact our solutions that are used worldwide by over 55,000 businesses.

If you have seen the full ML lifecycle from ideation through implementation, testing and release, and you have a passion for large data, large model training and building solutions with clean code, this is your chance. This is an opportunity to work for a company that is impacting businesses at a rapid pace across the globe.

Location Sunnyvale, CA Bellevue, WA

Description Are you fueled by a passion for computer vision, machine learning and AI, and are eager to leverage your skills to enrich the lives of millions across the globe? Join us at Ring AI team, where we're not just offering a job, but an opportunity to revolutionize safety and convenience in our neighborhoods through cutting-edge innovation.

You will be part of a dynamic team dedicated to pushing the boundaries of computer vision, machine learning and AI to deliver an unparalleled user experience for our neighbors. This position presents an exceptional opportunity for you to pioneer and innovate in AI, making a profound impact on millions of customers worldwide. You will partner with world-class AI scientists, engineers, product managers and other experts to develop industry-leading AI algorithms and systems for a diverse array of Ring and Blink products, enhancing the lives of millions of customers globally. Join us in shaping the future of AI innovation at Ring and Blink, where exciting challenges await!

The Prediction & Behavior ML team is responsible for developing machine-learned models that understand the full scene around our vehicle and forecast the behavior for other agents, our own vehicle’s actions, and for offline applications. To solve these problems we develop deep learning algorithms that can learn behaviors from data and apply them on-vehicle to influence our vehicle’s driving behavior and offline to provide learned models to autonomy simulation and validation. Given the tight integration of behavior forecasting and motion planning, our team necessarily works very closely with the Planner team in the advancement of our overall vehicle behavior. The Prediction & Behavior ML team also works closely with our Perception, Simulation, and Systems Engineering teams on many cross-team initiatives.

Location Santa Clara, CA

Description Amazon is looking for a passionate, talented, and inventive Applied Scientists with a strong machine learning background to help build industry-leading Speech, Vision and Language technology.

AWS Utility Computing (UC) provides product innovations — from foundational services such as Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (S3) and Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), to consistently released new product innovations that continue to set AWS’s services and features apart in the industry. As a member of the UC organization, you’ll support the development and management of Compute, Database, Storage, Internet of Things (Iot), Platform, and Productivity Apps services in AWS. Within AWS UC, Amazon Dedicated Cloud (ADC) roles engage with AWS customers who require specialized security solutions for their cloud services.

Our mission is to provide a delightful experience to Amazon’s customers by pushing the envelope in Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Machine Translation (MT), Natural Language Understanding (NLU), Machine Learning (ML) and Computer Vision (CV).

As part of our AI team in Amazon AWS, you will work alongside internationally recognized experts to develop novel algorithms and modeling techniques to advance the state-of-the-art in human language technology. Your work will directly impact millions of our customers in the form of products and services that make use of speech and language technology. You will gain hands on experience with Amazon’s heterogeneous speech, text, and structured data sources, and large-scale computing resources to accelerate advances in spoken language understanding.

We are hiring in all areas of human language technology: ASR, MT, NLU, text-to-speech (TTS), and Dialog Management, in addition to Computer Vision.

Redmond, Washington, United States

Overview The Microsoft Research AI Frontiers group in Redmond is looking for a Senior Research Software Engineer to build state-of-the-art tools for evaluating and understanding foundation models, with a focus of real-world uses of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Our team conducts influential research published at top-tier venues in AI and ML (including NeurIPS, ICML, AAAI, and FAccT) and works within Microsoft’s Responsible AI ecosystem to impact our AI-driven technologies such as Azure, Office, and Bing.

We are seeking candidates with demonstrated ability for technical work in the space of large foundational models with proficient coding and machine learning skills. The preferred candidate is:

Passionate about rigorous evaluation, understanding, and development of foundational models.
Motivated to make successful research methods accessible to the AI community through prototypes, open-source libraries, and development tools. Proficient in design thinking and Object Oriented Design (OOD), building clean, modular, maintainable and user-friendly open-source ML Experienced in measuring and maximizing the impact of open-source libraries.

As a Senior Research Software Engineer, you will play a crucial role in designing and developing impactful, high quality and well-engineered frameworks to empower the scientific evaluation, understanding, and development of foundational models. You will work closely with a team of passionate researchers and engineers to make sure such frameworks are compatible with modern cloud platforms, Machine Learning (ML) frameworks and libraries, model architectures, and various data modalities. You will also play a central role in defining and running large-scale experiments that contribute to our team’s research.

We are looking for a team player interested in developing next-generation platforms and tools for Machine Learning (ML) as well as conducting state-of-the-art research. Topics of interest include but are not limited to rigorous evaluation and benchmarking, advances in AI interpretability, bias and fairness, and safety in real-world deployments. Our group takes a holistic approach to studying foundational models that includes a variety of data modalities (language, vision, multi-modal, and structured data) and modern model architectures. Candidates should demonstrate expertise in many of these aspects or show that they are interested in generalizing their skills into a variety of modalities and architectures.

Microsoft’s mission is to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more, and we’re dedicated to this mission across every aspect of our company. Our culture is centered on embracing a growth mindset and encouraging teams and leaders to bring their best each day. Join us and help shape the future of the world.

Responsibilities Collaborate with a dedicated research and engineering team to design and develop ML frameworks for model evaluation and understanding.

• Define benchmarks and execute experiments for rigorous model evaluation and understanding.

• System Design and Object-Oriented Design: Envision elegant solutions and craft scalable and efficient systems to drive the success of our Machile Learning (ML) frameworks. Develop clean, modular, and maintainable code to shape the foundation of our evaluation framework.

• Work closely with partner engineering teams in both research and production.

• Mentor or onboard incoming engineering contributors and empower them to maximize the team’s impact.

ASML US, including its affiliates and subsidiaries, bring together the most creative minds in science and technology to develop lithography machines that are key to producing faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient microchips. We design, develop, integrate, market and service these advanced machines, which enable our customers - the world’s leading chipmakers - to reduce the size and increase the functionality of their microchips, which in turn leads to smaller, more powerful consumer electronics. Our headquarters are in Veldhoven, Netherlands and we have 18 office locations around the United States including main offices in Chandler, Arizona, San Jose and San Diego, California, Wilton, Connecticut, and Hillsboro, Oregon.

The Advanced Development Center at ASML in Wilton, Connecticut is seeking an Optical Data Analyst with expertise processing of images for metrology process development of ultra-high precision optics and ceramics. The Advanced Development Center (ADC) is a multi-disciplinary group of engineers and scientists focused on developing learning loop solutions, proto-typing of next generation wafer and reticle clamping systems and industrialization of proto-types that meet the system performance requirements.

Role and Responsibilities The main job function is to develop image processing, data analysis and machine learning algorithm and software to aid in development of wafer and reticle clamping systems to solve challenging engineering problems associated with achieving nanometer (nm) scale precision. You will be part of the larger Development and Engineering (DE) sector – where the design and engineering of ASML products happens.

As an Optical Data Analyst, you will: Develop/improve image processing algorithm to extract nm level information from scientific imaging equipment (e.g. interferometer, SEM, AFM, etc.) Integrate algorithms into image processing software package for analysis and process development cycles for engineering and manufacturing users Maintain version controlled software package for multiple product generations Perform software testing to identify application, algorithm and software bugs Validate/verify/regression/unit test software to ensure it meets the business and technical requirements Use machine learning models to predict trends and behaviors relating to lifetime and manufacturing improvements of the product Execute a plan of analysis, software and systems, to mitigate product and process risk and prevent software performance issues Collaborate with the design team in software analysis tool development to find solutions to difficult technical problems in an efficient manner Work with database structures and utilize capabilities Write software scripts to search, analyze and plot data from database Support query code to interrogate data for manufacturing and engineering needs Support image analysis on data and derive conclusions Travel (up to 10%) to Europe, Asia and within the US can be expected