A postdoctoral position is available in Harvard Ophthalmology Artificial Intelligence (AI) Lab (https://ophai.hms.harvard.edu) under the supervision of Dr. Mengyu Wang (https://ophai.hms.harvard.edu/team/dr-wang/) at Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School. The start date is flexible, with a preference for candidates capable of starting in August or September 2024. The initial appointment will be for one year with the possibility of extension. Review of applications will begin immediately and will continue until the position is filled. Salary for the postdoctoral fellow will follow the NIH guideline commensurate with years of postdoctoral research experience.

In the course of this interdisciplinary project, the postdoc will collaborate with a team of world-class scientists and clinicians with backgrounds in visual psychophysics, engineering, biostatistics, computer science, and ophthalmology. The postdoc will work on developing statistical and machine learning models to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of common eye diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The postdoc will have access to abundant resources for education, career development and research both from the Harvard hospital campus and Harvard University campus. More than half of our postdocs secured a faculty position after their time in our lab.

For our data resources, we have about 3 million 2D fundus photos and more than 1 million 3D optical coherence tomography scans. Please check http://ophai.hms.harvard.edu/data for more details. For our GPU resources, we have 22 in-house GPUs in total including 8 80-GB Nvidia H100 GPUs, 10 48-GB Nvidia RTX A6000 GPUs, and 4 Nvidia RTX 6000 GPUs. Please check http://ophai.hms.harvard.edu/computing for more details. Our recent research has been published in ICCV 2023, ICLR 2024, CVPR 2024, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, and Medical Image Analysis. Please check https://github.com/Harvard-Ophthalmology-AI-Lab for more details.

The successful applicant will:

1. possess or be on track to complete a PhD or MD with background in computer science, mathematics, computational science, statistics, machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, image processing, biomedical engineering, bioinformatics, visual science and ophthalmology or a related field. Fluency in written and spoken English is essential.

2. have strong programming skills (Python, R, MATLAB, C++, etc.) and in-depth understanding of statistics and machine learning. Experience with Linux clusters is a plus.

3. have a strong and productive publication record.

4. have a strong work ethic and time management skills along with the ability to work independently and within a multidisciplinary team as required.

Your application should include:

1. curriculum vitae

2. statement of past research accomplishments, career goal and how this position will help you achieve your goals

3. Two representative publications

4. contact information for three references

The application should be sent to Mengyu Wang via email (mengyu_wang at meei.harvard.edu) with subject “Postdoctoral Application in Harvard Ophthalmology AI Lab".

B GARAGE was founded in 2017 by two PhD graduates from Stanford University. After having spent over five years researching robotics, computer vision, aeronautics, and drone autonomy, the co-founders set their minds on building a future where aerial robots would become an integral part of our daily lives without anyone necessarily piloting them. Together, our common goal is to redefine the user experience of drones and to expand the horizon for the use of drones.

The B GARAGE team is always looking for an enthusiastic, proactive, and collaborative Robotics and Automation Engineers to support the launch of intelligent aerial robots and autonomously sustainable ecosystems.

If you're interested in joining the B Garage team but don't see a role open that fits your background, apply to the general application and we'll reach out to discuss your career goals.

Location Multiple Locations

Description

Qualcomm's Multimedia R&D and Standards Group is seeking candidates for Video Compression Research Engineer positions. You will be part of world-renowned team of video compression experts. The team develops algorithms, hardware architectures, and systems for state-of-the-art applications of classical and machine learning methods in video compression, video processing, point cloud coding and processing, AR/VR and computer vision use cases. The successful candidate for this position will be a highly self-directed individual with strong creative and analytic skills and a passion for video compression technology. You will work on, but not be limited to, developing new applications of classical and machine learning methods in video compression improving state-of-the-art video codecs.

We are considering candidates with various levels of experience. We are flexible on location and open to hiring anywhere, preferred locations are USA, Germany and Taiwan.

Responsibilities: Contribute to the conception, development, implementation, and optimization of new algorithms extending existing techniques and systems allowing improved video compression. Initiate ideas, design and implement algorithms for superior hardware encoder performance, including perceptually based bit allocation. Develop new algorithms for deep learning-based video compression solutions. Represent Qualcomm in the related standardization forums: JVET, MPEG Video, and ITU-T/VCEG. Document and present new algorithms and implementations in various forms, including standards contributions, patent applications, conference and journal publications, presentations, etc. Ideal candidate would have the skills/experience below: Expert knowledge of the theory, algorithms, and techniques used in video and image coding. Knowledge and experience of video codecs and their test models, such as ECM, VVC, HEVC and AV1. Experience with deep learning structures CNN, RNN, autoencoder etc. and frameworks like TensorFlow/PyTorch. Track record of successful research accomplishments demonstrated through published papers, and/or patent applications in the fields of video coding or video processing. Solid programming and debugging skills in C/C++. Strong written and verbal English communication skills, great work ethic, and ability to work in a team environment to accomplish common goals. PhD or Masters degree in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Physics, Mathematics or similar field, or equivalent practical experience.

Qualifications: PhD or Masters degree in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Physics, Mathematics, or similar fields. 1+ years of experience with programming language such as C, C++, MATLAB, etc.

Location Niskayuna, NY

Description Job Description Summary At GE Aerospace Research, our team develops advanced embedded systems technology for the future of flight. Our technology will enable sustainable air travel and next generation aviation systems for use in commercial as well as military applications. As a Lead Embedded Software Engineer, you will architect and develop state-of-the-art embedded systems for real-time controls and communication applications. You will lead and contribute to advanced research and development programs for GE Aerospace as well as with U.S. Government Agencies. You will collaborate with fellow researchers from a range of technology disciplines, contributing to projects across the breadth of GE Aerospace programs. Job Description Essential Responsibilities: As a Lead Embedded Software Engineer, you will:

Work independently as well as with a team to develop and apply advanced software technologies for embedded controls and communication systems for GE Aerospace products Interact with hardware suppliers and engineering tool providers to identify the best solutions for the most challenging applications Lead small to medium-sized projects or tasks Be responsible for documenting technology and results through patent applications, technical reports, and publications Expand your expertise staying current with advances in embedded software to seek out new ideas and applications Collaborate in a team environment with colleagues across GE Aerospace and government agencies

Qualifications/Requirements:

Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, or related disciplines with a minimum of 7 years of industry experience OR a master’s degree in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, or related disciplines with a minimum of 5 years of industry experience OR a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, or related disciplines with a minimum of 3 years of industry experience. Strong background in software development for embedded systems (e.g., x86, ARM) Strong embedded programming skills such as: C/C++, Python, and Rust Familiarity with CNSA and NIST cryptographic algorithms Willingness to travel at a minimum of 2 weeks per year Ability to obtain and maintain US Government Security Clearance US Citizenship required Must be willing to work out of an office located in Niskayuna, NY You must submit your application for employment on the careers page at www.gecareers.com to be considered Ideal Candidate Characteristics:

Coding experience with Bash, Python, C#, MATLAB, ARMv8 assembly, RISCV assembly Experience with embedded devices from Intel, AMD, Xilinx, NXP, etc. Experience with hardware-based security (e.g., UEFI, TPM, ARM TrustZone, Secure Boot) Understanding of embedded system security requirements and security techniques Experience with Linux OS and Linux security Experience with OpenSSL and/or wolfSSL Experience with wired and wireless networking protocols or network security Knowledge of 802.1, 802.3, and/or 802.11 standards Experience in software defined networks (SDN) and relevant software such as OpenFlow, Open vSwitch, or Mininet Hands-on experience with embedded hardware (such as protoboards) or networking equipment (such as switches and analyzers) in a laboratory setting Experience with embedded development in an RTOS environment (e.g., VxWorks, FreeRTOS) Demonstrated ability to take an innovative idea from a concept to a product Experience with the Agile methodology of program management The base pay range for this position is 90,000 - 175,000 USD Annually. The specific pay offered may be influenced by a variety of factors, including the candidate’s experience, education, and skill set. This position is also eligible for an annual discretionary bonus based on a percentage of your base salary. This posting is expected to close on June 16, 2024

Inria (Grenoble), France

human-robot interaction, machine learning, computer vision, representation learning

We are looking for highly motivated students joining our team at INRIA. This project will take place in close collaboration between Inria team THOTH and the multidisciplinary institute in artificial intelligence (MIAI) in Grenoble

Topic: Human-robot systems are challenging because the actions of one agent can significantly influence the actions of others. Therefore, anticipating the partner's actions is crucial. By inferring beliefs, intentions, and desires, we can develop cooperative robots that learn to assist humans or other robots effectively. In this project we are in particular interested in estimating human intentions to enable collaborative tasks between humans and robots such as human-to-robot and robot-to-human handovers.

Contact pia.bideau@inria.fr The thesis will be jointly supervised by Pia Bideau (THOTH), Karteek Alahari (THOTH) and Xavier Alameda Pineda (RobotLearn).

Figma is growing our team of passionate people on a mission to make design accessible to all. Born on the Web, Figma helps entire product teams brainstorm, design and build better products — from start to finish. Whether it’s consolidating tools, simplifying workflows, or collaborating across teams and time zones, Figma makes the design process faster, more efficient, and fun while keeping everyone on the same page. From great products to long-lasting companies, we believe that nothing great is made alone—come make with us!

The AI Platform team at Figma is working on an exciting mission of expanding the frontiers of AI for creativity, and developing magical experiences in Figma products. This involves making existing features like search smarter, and incorporating new features using cutting edge Generative AI and deep learning techniques. We’re looking for engineers with a background in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence to improve our products and build new capabilities. You will be driving fundamental and applied research in this area. You will be combining industry best practices and a first-principles approach to design and build ML models that will improve Figma’s design and collaboration tool.

What you’ll do at Figma:

• Driving fundamental and applied research in ML/AI using Generative AI, deep learning and classical machine learning, with Figma product use cases in mind.
• Formulate and implement new modeling approaches both to improve the effectiveness of Figma’s current models as well as enable the launch of entirely new AI-powered product features.
• Work in concert with other ML researchers, as well as product and infrastructure engineers to productionize new models and systems to power features in Figma’s design and collaboration tool.
• Expand the boundaries of what is possible with the current technology set and experiment with novel ideas.
• Publish scientific work on problems relevant to Figma in leading conferences like ICML, NeurIPS, CVPR etc.

We'd love to hear from you if you have:

• Recently obtained or is in the process of obtaining a PhD in AI, Computer Science or a related field. Degree must be completed prior to starting at Figma.
• Demonstrated expertise in machine learning with a publication record in relevant conferences, or a track record in applying machine learning techniques to products.
• Experience in Python and machine learning frameworks (such as PyTorch, TensorFlow or JAX).
• Experience building systems based on deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and/or generative models.
• Experience solving sophisticated problems and comparing alternative solutions, trade-offs, and diverse points of view to determine a path forward.
• Experience communicating and working across functions to drive solutions.

While not required, it’s an added plus if you also have:

• Experience working in industry on relevant AI projects through internships or past full time work.
• Publications in recent advances in AI like Large language models (LLMs), Vision language Models (VLMs) or diffusion models.

Overview We are seeking an exceptionally talented Postdoctoral Research Fellow to join our interdisciplinary team at the forefront of machine learning, computer vision, medical image analysis, neuroimaging, and neuroscience. This position is hosted by the Stanford Translational AI (STAI) in Medicine and Mental Health Lab (PI: Dr. Ehsan Adeli, https://stanford.edu/~eadeli), as part of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University. The postdoc will have the opportunity to directly collaborate with researchers and PIs within the Computational Neuroscience Lab (CNS Lab) in the School of Medicine and the Stanford Vision and Learning (SVL) lab in the Computer Science Department. These dynamic research groups are renowned for groundbreaking contributions to artificial intelligence and medical sciences.

Project Description The successful candidate will have the opportunity to work on cutting-edge projects aimed at building large-scale models for neuroimaging and neuroscience through innovative AI technologies and self-supervised learning methods. The postdoc will contribute to building a large-scale foundation model from brain MRIs and other modalities of data (e.g., genetics, videos, text). The intended downstream applications include understanding the brain development process during the early ages of life, decoding brain aging mechanisms, and identifying the pathology of different neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric disorders. We use several public and private datasets including but not limited to the Human Connectome Project, UK Biobank, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI), Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS), Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA), Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD), and OpenNeuro.

Key Responsibilities Conduct research in machine learning, computer vision, and medical image analysis, with applications in neuroimaging and neuroscience. Develop and implement advanced algorithms for analyzing medical images and other modalities of medical data. Develop novel generative models. Develop large-scale foundation models. Collaborate with a team of researchers and clinicians to design and execute studies that advance our understanding of neurological disorders. Mentor graduate students (Ph.D. and MSc). Publish findings in top-tier journals and conferences. Contribute to grant writing and proposal development for securing research funding.

Qualifications PhD in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Neuroscience, or a related field. Proven track record of publications in high-impact journals and conferences including ICML, NeurIPS, ICLR, CVPR, ICCV, ECCV, MICCAI, Nature, and JAMA. Strong background in machine learning, computer vision, medical image analysis, neuroimaging, and neuroscience. Excellent programming skills in Python, C++, or similar languages and experience with ML frameworks such as TensorFlow or PyTorch. Ability to work independently and collaboratively in an interdisciplinary team. Excellent communication skills, both written and verbal.

Benefits Competitive salary and benefits package. Access to state-of-the-art facilities and computational resources. Opportunities for professional development and collaboration with leading experts in the field. Participation in international conferences and workshops. Working at Stanford University offers access to world-class research facilities and a vibrant intellectual community. The university provides numerous opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration, professional development, and cutting-edge innovation. Additionally, being part of Stanford opens doors to a global network of leading experts and industry partners, enhancing both career growth and research impact.

Apply For full consideration, send a complete application via this form: https://forms.gle/KPQHPGGeXJcEsD6V6

Location Seattle, WA

Description Futures Design is the advanced concept design and incubation team within Amazon’s Device and Services Design Group (DDG). We are responsible for exploring and defining think (very) big opportunities globally and locally — so that we can better understand how new products and services might enrich the lives of our customers and so that product teams and leaders can align on where we're going and why we're going there. We focus on a 3–10+ year time frame, with the runway to invent and design category-defining products and transformational customer experiences. Working with Amazon business and technology partners, we use research, design, and prototyping to guide early product development, bring greater clarity to engineering goals, and develop a UX-grounded point of view.

We're looking for a Principal Design Technologist to join the growing DDG Futures Design team. You thrive in ambiguity and paradigm shifts– remaking assumptions of how customers engage, devices operate, and builders create. You apply deep expertise that spans design, technology, and product, grounding state-of-the-art emerging technologies through storytelling and a maker mindset. You learn and adapt technology trends to enduring customer problems through customer empathy, code, and iterative experimentation.

You will wear multiple hats to quickly assimilate customer problems, convert them to hypotheses, and test them using efficient technologies and design methods to build stakeholder buy-in. You’ll help your peers unlock challenging scenarios and mature the design studio’s ability to deliver design at scale across a breadth of devices and interaction modalities. You will work around limitations and push capabilities through your work. Your curiosity will inspire those around you and facilitate team growth, while your hands-on, collaborative nature will build trust with your peers and studio partners.

Location San Diego

Description

At Qualcomm, we are transforming the automotive industry with our Snapdragon Digital Chassis and building the next generation software defined vehicle (SDV).

Snapdragon Ride is an integral pillar of our Snapdragon Digital Chassis, and since its launch it has gained momentum with a growing number of global automakers and Tier1 suppliers. Snapdragon Ride aims to address the complexity of autonomous driving and ADAS by leveraging its high-performance, power-efficient SoC, industry-leading artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and pioneering vision and drive policy stack to deliver a comprehensive, cost and energy efficient systems solution.

Enabling safe, comfortable, and affordable autonomous driving includes solving some of the most demanding and challenging technological problems. From centimeter-level localization to multimodal sensor perception, sensor fusion, behavior prediction, maneuver planning, and trajectory planning and control, each one of these functions introduces its own unique challenges to solve, verify, test, and deploy on the road.

We are looking for smart, innovative and motivated individuals with strong theory background in deep learning, advanced signal processing, probability & algorithms and good implementation skills in python/C++. Job responsibilities include design and development of novel algorithms for solving complex problems related to behavior prediction for autonomous driving, including trajectory and intention prediction. Develop novel deep learning models to predict trajectories for road users and optimize them to run-in real-time systems. Work closely with sensor fusion and planning team on defining requirements and KPIs. Work closely with test engineers to develop test plans for validating performance in simulations and real-world testing.

Minimum Qualifications: • Bachelor's degree in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, or related field and 6+ years of Systems Engineering or related work experience. OR Master's degree in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, or related field and 5+ years of Systems Engineering or related work experience. OR PhD in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, or related field and 4+ years of Systems Engineering or related work experience.Preferred Qualifications: Ph.D + 2 years industry experience in behavior and trajectory prediction Proficient in variety of deep learning models like CNN, Transformer, RNN, LSTM, VAE, GraphCNN etc Experience working with NLP Deep Learning Networks Proficient in state of the art in machine learning tools (pytorch, tensor flow) 3+ years of experience with Programming Language such as C, C++, Python, etc. 3+ years Systems Engineering, or related work experience in the area of behavior and trajectory prediction. Experience working with, modifying, and creating advanced algorithms Analytical and scientific mindset, with the ability to solve complex problems. Experience in Autonomous driving, Robotics, XR/AR/VR Experience with robust software design for safety-critical systems Excellent written and verbal communication skills, ability to work with a cross-functional team

San Jose, CA

The Media Analytics team at NEC Labs America is seeking outstanding researchers with backgrounds in computer vision or machine learning. Candidates must possess an exceptional track record of original research and passion to create high impact products. Our key research areas include autonomous driving, open vocabulary perception, prediction and planning, simulation, neural rendering, agentic LLMs and foundational vision-language models. We have a strong internship program and active collaborations with academia. The Media Analytics team publishes extensively at top-tier venues such as CVPR, ICCV or ECCV.

To check out our latest work, please visit: https://www.nec-labs.com/research/media-analytics/

Qualifications: 1. PhD in Computer Science (or equivalent) 2. Strong publication record at top-tier computer vision or machine learning venues 3. Motivation to conduct independent research from conception to implementation.

Location Seattle, WA Arlington, VA New York, NY San Francisco, CA

Description Join us at the cutting edge of Amazon's sustainability initiatives to work on environmental and social advancements to support Amazon's long term worldwide sustainability strategy. At Amazon, we're working to be the most customer-centric company on earth. To get there, we need exceptionally talented, bright, and driven people.

The Worldwide Sustainability (WWS) organization capitalizes on Amazon’s scale & speed to build a more resilient and sustainable company. We manage our social and environmental impacts globally, driving solutions that enable our customers, businesses, and the world around us to become more sustainable.

Sustainability Science and Innovation (SSI) is a multi-disciplinary team within the WW Sustainability organization that combines science, analytics, economics, statistics, machine learning, product development, and engineering expertise. We use this expertise and skills to identify, develop and evaluate the science and innovations necessary for Amazon, customers and partners to meet their long-term sustainability goals and commitments.

We’re seeking a Senior Principal Scientist for Sustainability and Climate AI to drive technical strategy and innovation for our long-term sustainability and climate commitments through AI & ML. You will serve as the strategic technical advisor to science, emerging tech, and climate pledge partners operating at the Director, VPs, and SVP level. You will set the next generation modeling standards for the team and tackle the most immature/complex modeling problems following the latest sustainability/climate sciences. Staying hyper current with emergent sustainability/climate science and machine learning trends, you'll be trusted to translate recommendations to leadership and be the voice of our interpretation. You will nurture a continuous delivery culture to embed informed, science-based decision-making into existing mechanisms, such as decarbonization strategies, ESG compliance, and risk management. You will also have the opportunity to collaborate with the Climate Pledge team to define strategies based on emergent science/tech trends and influence investment strategy. As a leader on this team, you'll play a key role in worldwide sustainability organizational planning, hiring, mentorship and leadership development.

If you see yourself as a thought leader and innovator at the intersection of climate science and tech, we’d like to connect with you.

Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Overview Microsoft Research (MSR), a leading industrial research laboratory comprised of over 1,000 computer scientists working across the United States, United Kingdom, China, India, Canada, and the Netherlands.

We are currently seeking  a Researcher in the area of  Artificial Specialized Intelligence located in Vancouver, British Columbia, with a keen interest in developing cutting-edge large foundation models and post-training techniques for different domains and scenarios. This is an opportunity to drive an ambitious research agenda while collaborating with diverse teams to push for novel applications of those areas.  
  Over the past 30 years, our scientists have not only conducted world-class computer science research but also integrated advanced technologies into our products and services, positively impacting millions of lives and propelling Microsoft to the forefront of digital transformation.   Responsibilities Conduct cutting-edge research in large foundation models, focusing on applying large foundation models in specific domain. Collaborate with cross-functional teams to integrate solutions into Artificial Intelligence (AI) -driven system. Develop and maintain research prototypes and software tools, ensuring that they are well-documented and adhere to best practices in software development. Publish research findings in top-tier conferences and journals and present your work at industry events. Collaborate with other AI researchers and engineers, sharing knowledge and expertise to foster a culture of innovation and continuous learning within the team.

At Zoox, you will collaborate with a team of world-class engineers with diverse backgrounds in areas such as AI, robotics, mechatronics, planning, control, localization, computer vision, rendering, simulation, distributed computing, design, and automated testing. You’ll master new technologies while working on code, algorithms, and research in your area of expertise to create and refine key systems and move Zoox forward.

Working at a startup gives you the chance to manifest your creativity and highly impact the final product.

Location Seattle, WA New York, NY

Description We are looking for an Applied Scientist to join our Seattle team. As an Applied Scientist, you are able to use a range of science methodologies to solve challenging business problems when the solution is unclear. Our team solves a broad range of problems ranging from natural knowledge understanding of third-party shoppable content, product and content recommendation to social media influencers and their audiences, determining optimal compensation for creators, and mitigating fraud. We generate deep semantic understanding of the photos, and videos in shoppable content created by our creators for efficient processing and appropriate placements for the best customer experience. For example, you may lead the development of reinforcement learning models such as MAB to rank content/product to be shown to influencers. To achieve this, a deep understanding of the quality and relevance of content must be established through ML models that provide those contexts for ranking.

In order to be successful in our team, you need a combination of business acumen, broad knowledge of statistics, deep understanding of ML algorithms, and an analytical mindset. You thrive in a collaborative environment, and are passionate about learning. Our team utilizes a variety of AWS tools such as SageMaker, S3, and EC2 with a variety of skillset in shallow and deep learning ML models, particularly in NLP and CV. You will bring knowledge in many of these domains along with your own specialties.

Redmond, Washington, United States

Overview Within AI Platform, the Cognitive Services team empowers developers and data scientists around the world and of all skill levels to easily add AI capabilities to their apps. #aiplatform

We are looking for a Research Scientist with a background in Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and/or Artificial Intelligence, including topics like layout analysis, chart understanding, multi-page multi-document question answering, novel ways of leveraging large language models for document understanding and solving problems inherent to large language models (grounding, retrieval-based generation, etc.). Familiarity with modern large language models is a plus, but not required.

Microsoft’s mission is to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more. As employees we come together with a growth mindset, innovate to empower others, and collaborate to realize our shared goals. Each day we build on our values of respect, integrity, and accountability to create a culture of inclusion where everyone can thrive at work and beyond.

Responsibilities Your responsibilities will include:

Conduct pioneering research to propel the state-of-the-art in various tasks in document understanding. Work closely with fellow Research Scientists and Product Engineering teams to translate research outcomes into practical solutions. Provide expertise and support to the engineering team on various challenges, fostering collaboration between research and practical application. Take charge of the research agenda from problem definition to algorithm and model development.