Canberra/Australia

We are looking for new outstanding PhD students for the upcoming scholarship round (application is due on 31st August 2024) at the Australian National University (ANU is ranked #30 in the QS Ranking 2025) or possibly at another Australian universities.

We are looking for new PhD students to work on new problems that may span over (but are not limited to) "clever" adapting of Foundation Models, LLMs, diffusion models (LORAs etc.,), NERF, or design of Graph Neural Networks, design of new (multi-modal) Self-supervised Learning and Contrastive Learning Models (masked models, images, videos, text, graphs, time series, sequences, etc. ) or adversarial and/or federated learning or other contemporary fundamental/applied problems (e.g., learning without backprop, adapting FMs to be less resource hungry, planning and reasoning, hyperbolic geometry, protein property prediction, structured output generative models, visual relation inference, incremental/learning to learn problems, low shot, etc.)

To succeed, you need an outstanding publication record, e.g., one or more first-author papers in venues such CVPR, ICCV, ECCV, AAAI, ICLR, NeurIPS, ICML, IJCAI, ACM KDD, ACCV, BMVC, ACM MM, IEEE. Trans. On Image Processing, CVIU, IEEE TPAMI, or similar (the list is non-exhaustive). Non-first author papers will also help if they are in the mix. Some patents and/or professional experience in Computer Vision, Machine Learning or AI are a bonus. You also need a good GPA to succeed.

We are open to discussing your interests and topics, if you reach out, we can discuss what is possible. Yes, we have GPUs.

If you are interested, reach out for an informal chat with Dr. Koniusz. I am at CVPR if you want to chat?): piotr.koniusz@data61.csiro.au (or piotr.koniusz@anu.edu.au, www.koniusz.com)

Location Sunnyvale, CA Bellevue, WA Seattle, WA

Description The Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) team is looking for a passionate, talented, and inventive Applied Science Manager with a strong deep learning background, to lead the development of industry-leading technology with multimodal systems.

As an Applied Science Manager with the AGI team, you will lead the development of novel algorithms and modeling techniques to advance the state of the art with multimodal systems. Your work will directly impact our customers in the form of products and services that make use of vision and language technology. You will leverage Amazon’s heterogeneous data sources and large-scale computing resources to accelerate development with multimodal Large Language Models (LLMs) and Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) in Computer Vision.

A postdoctoral position is available in Harvard Ophthalmology Artificial Intelligence (AI) Lab (https://ophai.hms.harvard.edu) under the supervision of Dr. Mengyu Wang (https://ophai.hms.harvard.edu/team/dr-wang/) at Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School. The start date is flexible, with a preference for candidates capable of starting in August or September 2024. The initial appointment will be for one year with the possibility of extension. Review of applications will begin immediately and will continue until the position is filled. Salary for the postdoctoral fellow will follow the NIH guideline commensurate with years of postdoctoral research experience.

In the course of this interdisciplinary project, the postdoc will collaborate with a team of world-class scientists and clinicians with backgrounds in visual psychophysics, engineering, biostatistics, computer science, and ophthalmology. The postdoc will work on developing statistical and machine learning models to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of common eye diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The postdoc will have access to abundant resources for education, career development and research both from the Harvard hospital campus and Harvard University campus. More than half of our postdocs secured a faculty position after their time in our lab.

For our data resources, we have about 3 million 2D fundus photos and more than 1 million 3D optical coherence tomography scans. Please check http://ophai.hms.harvard.edu/data for more details. For our GPU resources, we have 22 in-house GPUs in total including 8 80-GB Nvidia H100 GPUs, 10 48-GB Nvidia RTX A6000 GPUs, and 4 Nvidia RTX 6000 GPUs. Please check http://ophai.hms.harvard.edu/computing for more details. Our recent research has been published in ICCV 2023, ICLR 2024, CVPR 2024, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, and Medical Image Analysis. Please check https://github.com/Harvard-Ophthalmology-AI-Lab for more details.

The successful applicant will:

1. possess or be on track to complete a PhD or MD with background in computer science, mathematics, computational science, statistics, machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, image processing, biomedical engineering, bioinformatics, visual science and ophthalmology or a related field. Fluency in written and spoken English is essential.

2. have strong programming skills (Python, R, MATLAB, C++, etc.) and in-depth understanding of statistics and machine learning. Experience with Linux clusters is a plus.

3. have a strong and productive publication record.

4. have a strong work ethic and time management skills along with the ability to work independently and within a multidisciplinary team as required.

Your application should include:

1. curriculum vitae

2. statement of past research accomplishments, career goal and how this position will help you achieve your goals

3. Two representative publications

4. contact information for three references

The application should be sent to Mengyu Wang via email (mengyu_wang at meei.harvard.edu) with subject “Postdoctoral Application in Harvard Ophthalmology AI Lab".

Overview We are seeking an exceptionally talented Postdoctoral Research Fellow to join our interdisciplinary team at the forefront of machine learning, computer vision, medical image analysis, neuroimaging, and neuroscience. This position is hosted by the Stanford Translational AI (STAI) in Medicine and Mental Health Lab (PI: Dr. Ehsan Adeli, https://stanford.edu/~eadeli), as part of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University. The postdoc will have the opportunity to directly collaborate with researchers and PIs within the Computational Neuroscience Lab (CNS Lab) in the School of Medicine and the Stanford Vision and Learning (SVL) lab in the Computer Science Department. These dynamic research groups are renowned for groundbreaking contributions to artificial intelligence and medical sciences.

Project Description The successful candidate will have the opportunity to work on cutting-edge projects aimed at building large-scale models for neuroimaging and neuroscience through innovative AI technologies and self-supervised learning methods. The postdoc will contribute to building a large-scale foundation model from brain MRIs and other modalities of data (e.g., genetics, videos, text). The intended downstream applications include understanding the brain development process during the early ages of life, decoding brain aging mechanisms, and identifying the pathology of different neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric disorders. We use several public and private datasets including but not limited to the Human Connectome Project, UK Biobank, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI), Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS), Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA), Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD), and OpenNeuro.

Key Responsibilities Conduct research in machine learning, computer vision, and medical image analysis, with applications in neuroimaging and neuroscience. Develop and implement advanced algorithms for analyzing medical images and other modalities of medical data. Develop novel generative models. Develop large-scale foundation models. Collaborate with a team of researchers and clinicians to design and execute studies that advance our understanding of neurological disorders. Mentor graduate students (Ph.D. and MSc). Publish findings in top-tier journals and conferences. Contribute to grant writing and proposal development for securing research funding.

Qualifications PhD in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Neuroscience, or a related field. Proven track record of publications in high-impact journals and conferences including ICML, NeurIPS, ICLR, CVPR, ICCV, ECCV, MICCAI, Nature, and JAMA. Strong background in machine learning, computer vision, medical image analysis, neuroimaging, and neuroscience. Excellent programming skills in Python, C++, or similar languages and experience with ML frameworks such as TensorFlow or PyTorch. Ability to work independently and collaboratively in an interdisciplinary team. Excellent communication skills, both written and verbal.

Benefits Competitive salary and benefits package. Access to state-of-the-art facilities and computational resources. Opportunities for professional development and collaboration with leading experts in the field. Participation in international conferences and workshops. Working at Stanford University offers access to world-class research facilities and a vibrant intellectual community. The university provides numerous opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration, professional development, and cutting-edge innovation. Additionally, being part of Stanford opens doors to a global network of leading experts and industry partners, enhancing both career growth and research impact.

Apply For full consideration, send a complete application via this form: https://forms.gle/KPQHPGGeXJcEsD6V6

Figma is growing our team of passionate people on a mission to make design accessible to all. Born on the Web, Figma helps entire product teams brainstorm, design and build better products — from start to finish. Whether it’s consolidating tools, simplifying workflows, or collaborating across teams and time zones, Figma makes the design process faster, more efficient, and fun while keeping everyone on the same page. From great products to long-lasting companies, we believe that nothing great is made alone—come make with us!

We’re looking for engineers with a Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence background to improve our products and build new capabilities. You will be driving fundamental and applied research in this area. You will be combining industry best practices and a first-principles approach to design and build ML models that will improve Figma’s design and collaboration tool.

What you’ll do at Figma:

• You will be driving fundamental and applied research in ML/AI. You will explore the boundaries of what is possible with the current technology set.
• You will be combining industry best practices and a first-principles approach to design and build ML models.
• Work in concert with product and infrastructure engineers to improve Figma’s design and collaboration tool through ML powered product features.
• We'd love to hear from you if you have:
• 5+ years of experience in programming languages (Python, C++, Java or R)
• 3+ years of experience in one or more of the following areas: machine learning, natural language processing/understanding, computer vision, generative models.
• Proven experience researching, building and/or fine-tuning ML models in production environments
• Experience communicating and working across functions to drive solutions

While not required, It’s an added plus if you also have:

• Proven track record of planning multi-year roadmap in which shorter-term projects ladder to the long-term vision.
• Experience in mentoring/influencing senior engineers across organizations.

Engineering at Pinterest

Our Engineering team is at the core of bringing our platform to life for Pinners worldwide. Working collaboratively and cross-functionally with teams across the company, our engineers tackle growth-driving challenges to build an inspired and inclusive platform for all.

Our future of work is PinFlex

At Pinterest, we know that our best work happens when we feel most inspired. PinFlex promotes flexibility while prioritizing in-person moments to celebrate our culture and drive inspiration. We know that some work can be performed anywhere, and we encourage employees to work where they choose within their country or region, whether that’s at home, at a Pinterest office, or another virtual location. We believe that there is value in a distributed workforce but there are essential touch points for in-person collaboration that will create a big impact for our business and for development and connection.

Stop by booth #2100 to learn more about our open roles and our in-house generative AI foundation model that leverages the full power of our visual search and taste graph! Our engineers and recruiters are excited to connect with you!

Location Seattle, WA

Description Futures Design is the advanced concept design and incubation team within Amazon’s Device and Services Design Group (DDG). We are responsible for exploring and defining think (very) big opportunities globally and locally — so that we can better understand how new products and services might enrich the lives of our customers and so that product teams and leaders can align on where we're going and why we're going there. We focus on a 3–10+ year time frame, with the runway to invent and design category-defining products and transformational customer experiences. Working with Amazon business and technology partners, we use research, design, and prototyping to guide early product development, bring greater clarity to engineering goals, and develop a UX-grounded point of view.

We're looking for a Principal Design Technologist to join the growing DDG Futures Design team. You thrive in ambiguity and paradigm shifts– remaking assumptions of how customers engage, devices operate, and builders create. You apply deep expertise that spans design, technology, and product, grounding state-of-the-art emerging technologies through storytelling and a maker mindset. You learn and adapt technology trends to enduring customer problems through customer empathy, code, and iterative experimentation.

You will wear multiple hats to quickly assimilate customer problems, convert them to hypotheses, and test them using efficient technologies and design methods to build stakeholder buy-in. You’ll help your peers unlock challenging scenarios and mature the design studio’s ability to deliver design at scale across a breadth of devices and interaction modalities. You will work around limitations and push capabilities through your work. Your curiosity will inspire those around you and facilitate team growth, while your hands-on, collaborative nature will build trust with your peers and studio partners.

The Prediction & Behavior ML team is responsible for developing machine-learned models that understand the full scene around our vehicle and forecast the behavior for other agents, our own vehicle’s actions, and for offline applications. To solve these problems we develop deep learning algorithms that can learn behaviors from data and apply them on-vehicle to influence our vehicle’s driving behavior and offline to provide learned models to autonomy simulation and validation. Given the tight integration of behavior forecasting and motion planning, our team necessarily works very closely with the Planner team in the advancement of our overall vehicle behavior. The Prediction & Behavior ML team also works closely with our Perception, Simulation, and Systems Engineering teams on many cross-team initiatives.

Location Sunnyvale, CA

Description Are you fueled by a passion for computer vision, machine learning and AI, and are eager to leverage your skills to enrich the lives of millions across the globe? Join us at Ring AI team, where we're not just offering a job, but an opportunity to revolutionize safety and convenience in our neighborhoods through cutting-edge innovation.

You will be part of a dynamic team dedicated to pushing the boundaries of computer vision, machine learning and AI to deliver an unparalleled user experience for our neighbors. This position presents an exceptional opportunity for you to pioneer and innovate in AI, making a profound impact on millions of customers worldwide. You will partner with world-class AI scientists, engineers, product managers and other experts to develop industry-leading AI algorithms and systems for a diverse array of Ring and Blink products, enhancing the lives of millions of customers globally. Join us in shaping the future of AI innovation at Ring and Blink, where exciting challenges await!

Location: Sunnyvale, California, USA

Are you a gamer? Are you passionate about the cutting edge of foundation models and Multiodal LLM Agent for 3D world creation for future gaming?

Cybever.ai is on the lookout for an innovative AI Research Scientist to join our dynamic team and revolutionize the world of generative AI for 3D content.

What You'll Be Doing:

• Research and Development: Lead groundbreaking research in multimodal large language models (LLMs) and AI agents.
• 3D Content Creation: Develop advanced models and algorithms to create large-scale 3D assets and environments from text or images, enhancing our AI-powered creative suite.
• Collaboration and Integration: Work closely with the engineering team to integrate new AI capabilities into our existing products, ensuring they meet the needs of game developers, movie productions, and 3D artists.
• Innovation in AI: Stay ahead of the curve by publishing research, attending conferences, participating in open source projects, and collaborating with the global AI research community.

You're Probably a Match If You Have:

• Strong Research Background: Ph.D. or equivalent experience in AI, machine learning, computer vision, computer graphics, or related fields.
• Technical Skills: Proficiency in Python, PyTorch, TensorFlow, or similar frameworks.
• 3D Software Experience: Hands-on experience with tools like Blender, Houdini, Unreal Engine, or Unity, or a willingness to learn.
• Relevant Experience: Demonstrated work in computer vision or computer graphics, with a portfolio of projects or publications to showcase your expertise.

About Cybever:

Cybever, headquartered in the heart of Silicon Valley and founded by ex-Googlers, is a pioneer in the generative AI space, transforming how game developers and artists create 3D content. Our innovative tools enable creating large-scale, high-fidelity, and interactive 3D environments in minutes, freeing up creators to focus on what they do best. With partnerships with industry leaders like Unreal Engine, we are at the forefront of integrating AI into the creative process, empowering developers worldwide to realize their visions easier and faster.

Employment Type:

• Full-Time Employment: This is a full-time position with potential for H1B and OPT sponsorship.
• International Opportunities: We are also open to hiring international contractors who meet our qualifications.
• Research Intern or Residency: Ideal for graduate students, this is a part-time or full-time opportunity to gain hands-on research experience while completing your studies.

Join us at Cybever and be a part of a team that's shaping the future of 3D creation. If you're ready to push the boundaries of what's possible with AI, we want to hear from you!

Location Seattle, WA Arlington, VA New York, NY San Francisco, CA

Description Join us at the cutting edge of Amazon's sustainability initiatives to work on environmental and social advancements to support Amazon's long term worldwide sustainability strategy. At Amazon, we're working to be the most customer-centric company on earth. To get there, we need exceptionally talented, bright, and driven people.

The Worldwide Sustainability (WWS) organization capitalizes on Amazon’s scale & speed to build a more resilient and sustainable company. We manage our social and environmental impacts globally, driving solutions that enable our customers, businesses, and the world around us to become more sustainable.

Sustainability Science and Innovation (SSI) is a multi-disciplinary team within the WW Sustainability organization that combines science, analytics, economics, statistics, machine learning, product development, and engineering expertise. We use this expertise and skills to identify, develop and evaluate the science and innovations necessary for Amazon, customers and partners to meet their long-term sustainability goals and commitments.

We’re seeking a Senior Principal Scientist for Sustainability and Climate AI to drive technical strategy and innovation for our long-term sustainability and climate commitments through AI & ML. You will serve as the strategic technical advisor to science, emerging tech, and climate pledge partners operating at the Director, VPs, and SVP level. You will set the next generation modeling standards for the team and tackle the most immature/complex modeling problems following the latest sustainability/climate sciences. Staying hyper current with emergent sustainability/climate science and machine learning trends, you'll be trusted to translate recommendations to leadership and be the voice of our interpretation. You will nurture a continuous delivery culture to embed informed, science-based decision-making into existing mechanisms, such as decarbonization strategies, ESG compliance, and risk management. You will also have the opportunity to collaborate with the Climate Pledge team to define strategies based on emergent science/tech trends and influence investment strategy. As a leader on this team, you'll play a key role in worldwide sustainability organizational planning, hiring, mentorship and leadership development.

If you see yourself as a thought leader and innovator at the intersection of climate science and tech, we’d like to connect with you.

Location Seattle, WA

Description Amazon's Compliance Shared Services (CoSS) is looking for a smart, energetic, and creative Sr Applied Scientist to extend and invent state-of-the-art research in multi-modal architectures, large language models across federated and continuous learning paradigms spread across multiple systems to join the Applied Research Science team in Seattle. At Amazon, we are working to be the most customer-centric company on earth. Millions of customers trust us to ensure a safe shopping experience. This is an exciting and challenging position to deliver scientific innovations into production systems at Amazon-scale that increase automation accuracy and coverage, and extend and invent new research as a key author to deliver re-usable foundational capabilities for automation.

You will analyze and process large amounts of image, text and tabular data from product detail pages, combine them with additional external and internal sources of multi-modal data, evaluate state-of-the-art algorithms and frameworks, and develop new algorithms in federated and continuous learning modes that can be integrated and launched across multiple systems. You will partner with engineers and product managers across multiple Amazon teams to design new ML solutions implemented across worldwide Amazon stores for the entire Amazon product catalog.

Captions is the AI-powered creative studio. Millions of creators around the world have used Captions to make their video content stand out from the pack and we're on a mission to empower the next billion.

Based in NYC, we are a team of ambitious, experienced, and devoted engineers, designers, and marketers. You'll be joining an early team where you'll have an outsized impact on both the product and company's culture.

We’re very fortunate to have some the best investors and entrepreneurs backing us, including Kleiner Perkins, Sequoia Capital, Andreessen Horowitz, Uncommon Projects, Kevin Systrom, Mike Krieger, Antoine Martin, Julie Zhuo, Ben Rubin, Jaren Glover, SVAngel, 20VC, Ludlow Ventures, Chapter One, Lenny Rachitsky, and more.

Check out our latest milestone and our recent feature on the TODAY show and the New York Times.

** Please note that all of our roles will require you to be in-person at our NYC HQ (located in Union Square) **

Responsibilities:

Conduct research and develop models to advance the state-of-the-art in generative video technologies, focusing on areas such as video in-painting, super resolution, text-to-video conversion, background removal, and neural background rendering.

Design and develop advanced neural network models tailored for generative video applications, exploring innovative techniques to manipulate and enhance video content for storytelling purposes.

Explore new areas and techniques to enhance video storytelling, including research into novel generative approaches and their applications in video production and editing.

Create tools and systems that leverage machine learning, artificial intelligence, and computational techniques to generate, manipulate, and enhance video content, with a focus on usability and scalability.

Preferred Qualifications:

PhD in computer science or related field or 3+ years of industry experience.

Publication Record: Highly relevant publication history, with a focus on generative video techniques and applications. Ideal candidates will have served as the primary author on these publications.

Video Processing Skills: Strong understanding of video processing techniques, including video compression, motion estimation, and object tracking, with the ability to apply these techniques in generative video applications.

Expertise in Deep Learning: Proficiency in deep learning frameworks such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, or similar, with hands-on experience in designing, training, and deploying neural networks for video-related tasks.

Strong understanding of Computer Science fundamentals (algorithms and data structures).

Benefits: Comprehensive medical, dental, and vision plans

Anything you need to do your best work

We’ve done team off-sites to places like Paris, London, Park City, Los Angeles, Upstate NY, and Nashville with more planned in the future.

Captions provides equal employment opportunities to all employees and applicants for employment and prohibits discrimination and harassment of any type without regard to race, color, religion, age, sex, national origin, disability status, genetics, protected veteran status, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or any other characteristic protected by federal, state or local laws.

Please note benefits apply to full time employees only.

Location Mountain View, CA

Description Gatik is thrilled to be at CVPR! Come meet our team at booth 1831 to talk about how you could make an impact at the autonomous middle mile logistics company redefining the transportation landscape.

Who we are: Gatik, the leader in autonomous middle mile logistics, delivers goods safely and efficiently using its fleet of light & medium-duty trucks. The company focuses on short-haul, B2B logistics for Fortune 500 customers including Kroger, Walmart, Tyson Foods, Loblaw, Pitney Bowes, Georgia-Pacific, and KBX; enabling them to optimize their hub-and-spoke supply chain operations, enhance service levels and product flow across multiple locations while reducing labor costs and meeting an unprecedented expectation for faster deliveries. Gatik’s Class 3-7 autonomous box trucks are commercially deployed in multiple markets including Texas, Arkansas, and Ontario, Canada.

About the role: We are seeking passionate Senior/Staff Software Engineers, who have strong fundamentals in software development practices and are experts in C++ language in production-oriented environment. The ideal candidate is a highly experienced C++ developer with a passion for enabling the world's first safe, reliable & efficient network of autonomous vehicles. You will partner with the research and software engineers to design, develop, test and validate AV features for our autonomous fleet.

This role will be onsite at our Mountain View office.

What you'll do: +Design, implement, integrate, and support real-time mission-critical software for the Gatik’s autonomy stack +Work with the research engineers to develop maintainable, testable and robust software designs +Architect and implement solutions to complex issues between components partitioned across the large software stack +Be at the forefront of guiding & ensuring best SDLC practices while contributing to improving the safety in the core autonomy stack +Collaborate with the Infrastructure and DevOps teams for efficient, secure and scalable software delivery to a network of Gatik’s autonomous fleet
+Guide and mentor autonomy researchers and algorithm developers to make sure their components are running efficiently and with optimal compute and memory usage +Review and refine technical requirements and translate them into high-level design & plans to support the development of safe AV technology +Conduct code and design reviews and advise on technical matters

Click the apply button below to see the full job description and apply

Location Multiple Locations

Description Today, more intelligence is moving to end devices, and mobile is becoming the pervasive AI platform. Building on the smartphone foundation and the scale of mobile, Qualcomm envisions making AI ubiquitous—expanding beyond mobile and powering other end devices, machines, vehicles, and things. We are inventing, developing, and commercializing power-efficient on-device AI, edge cloud AI, and 5G to make this a reality.

Job Purpose & Responsibilities As a member of Qualcomm’s ML Systems Team, you will participate in two activities: Development and evolution of ML/AI compilers (production and exploratory versions) for efficient mappings of ML/AI algorithms on existing and future HW Analysis of ML/AI algorithms and workloads to drive future features in Qualcomm’s ML HW/SW offerings

Key Responsibilities: Contributing to the development and evolution of ML/AI compilers within Qualcomm Defining and implementing algorithms for mapping ML/AI workloads to Qualcomm HW Understanding trends in ML network design, through customer engagements and latest academic research, and how this affects both SW and HW design Creation of performance-driven simulation components (using C++, Python) for analysis and design of high-performance HW/SW algorithms on future SoCs Exploration and analysis of performance/area/power trade-offs for future HW and SW ML algorithms Pre-Silicon prediction of performance for various ML algorithms Running, debugging and analyzing performance simulations to suggest enhancements to Qualcomm hardware and software to tackle compute and system memory-related bottlenecks · Successful applications will work in cross-site, cross-functional teams.

Requirements: Demonstrated ability to learn, think and adapt in fast changing environment Detail-oriented with strong problem-solving, analytical and debugging skills Strong communication skills (written and verbal) Strong background in algorithm development and performance analysis is essential The following experiences would be significant assets: Strong object-oriented design principles Strong knowledge of C++ Strong knowledge of Python Experience in compiler design and development Knowledge of network model formats/platforms (eg. Pytorch, Tensorflow, ONNX) is an asset. On-silicon debug skills of high-performance compute algorithms · Knowledge of algorithms and data structures Knowledge of software development processes (revision control, CD/CI, etc.) · Familiarity with tools such as git, Jenkins, Docker, clang/MSVC Knowledge of computer architecture, digital circuits and event-driven transactional models/simulators